How various levels of electric shocks affect the body and how to recover

What is an electric shock?

An electric shock occurs when an electric current passes from a live outlet to part of the body. Electric shocks can result from contact with:

• faulty electrical appliances or machinery
• household wiring
• electrical power lines
• lightning
• electricity outlets

People can get electric shocks through contact with an electric current from a small household appliance, wall outlet, or extension cord. These shocks rarely cause severe trauma or complications.

MostTrusted Source electrical injuries in adults occur in the workplace. High risk occupations for electrocutions includeTrusted Source:

• construction
• trade
• transportation
• utilities
• manufacturing

Electrocution effects on the body

Electrical currents cause fourTrusted Source main types of injuries:

• Flash: A flash injury typically causes superficial burns. These occur due to the heat of an arc flash, a type of electrical explosion. The current does not penetrate the skin.
• Flame: These injuries occur when an arc flash causes a person’s clothes to ignite. The current may or may not pass through the skin.
• Lightning: These involve short but high voltage electrical energy. The current flows through a person’s body.
• True: The person becomes part of the circuit, and the electricity enters and exits the body.

The symptoms of electric shock depend on many factors. Injuries from low voltage shocks are most likely to be superficial, whereas prolonged exposure to electrical current may cause deeper burns.

Secondary injuries can occur following an electric shock. People may respond by jerking away, which might cause them to lose balance or fall and injure another part of their body.

Short-term effects

Depending on the severity of the electrical injury, its immediate effects may include:

• burns
• irregular heartbeat
• seizures
• tingling or prickling sensations
• loss of consciousness
• headaches

Some people may notice unpleasant sensations but not have apparent physical damage, whereas others may experience a lot of pain and have obvious tissue damage.

Those who do not have a significant injury or cardiac abnormalities within 24 to 48 hoursTrusted Source of the electric shock are unlikely to develop them.

More severe outcomes can include:

• coma
• heart attack
• respiratory arrest

Long-term effects

A 2017 study found that people who had received an electric shock were no more likely to develop heart problems within 5 years of the incident than those who had not.

However, people may experience a variety of symptoms, including neuropsychological and physicalTrusted Source symptoms.

The symptoms may include:

Anyone who has experienced an electric shock, regardless of whether it has caused a burn, should seek advice from a healthcare professional.

Severity of electric shocks

Several factors can affect the severity of electric shock injuries, including:

• the intensity of the current
• the type of current — alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC)
• which part of the body the current reaches
• how long a person has exposure to the current
• resistance to the current

The domestic electricity running through a typical U.S. household is 110 volts (V)Trusted Source, with some appliances needing 240 V. Industrial and power lines may carry more than 100,000 V.

High voltage currents of 500 V and more can cause deep burns, while low voltage currents consisting of 110 to 120 V can result in muscle spasms.

However, external burns do not always correlate with the severity of an electric shock.

The let-go threshold

The let-go threshold is the level where a person’s muscles contract, meaning that they are unable to let go of the electrical source until someone safely removes it.

The following table shows the body’s response to different intensities of current, using milliamps (mA) as the measurement:

First aid for electric shocks

Minor electric shocks, such as those from small household appliances, do not always need medical treatment. However, people should see a doctor if they have an electric shock.

If someone has a high voltage shock, it is important to call 911 right away.

If someone experiences a serious electric shock, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)Trusted Source gives the following advice for how to respond as a bystander:

• Do not touch the person, as they may be in contact with the electrical source.
• Call 911 or have someone else call 911.
• If it is safe to do so, turn off the source of electricity. If it is not safe, use a nonconducting object made of wood, cardboard, or plastic to move the source away.
• After removing the electrical source, check the person for a pulse, and determine whether they are breathing. If the person has no pulse, begin CPR immediately.
• If the person is faint or pale, lay them down with their head lower than their body and elevate their legs.
• A person should neither touch any burns nor remove burned clothing.

A person can perform CPR by:

1. Administering compressions: Place one hand on top of the other in the middle of the chest. Using body weight, push down hard and fast to administer compressions that are 2 inches deep. The aim is to deliver 100 to 120 compressions per 60 seconds.
2. Delivering rescue breaths: First, make sure that the person’s mouth is clear. Then, tilt their head back, lift their chin, pinch their nose closed, and blow into their mouth to make their chest rise. Perform two rescue breaths and continue administering compressions.
3. Repeating the process: It is important to carry on until help arrives or the person begins breathing.

Diagnosis

At the emergency department, the doctor will performTrusted Source a physical exam to assess potential external and internal damage. They may order tests, including:

• electrocardiogram (EKG) to monitor the heart’s rhythm
• blood tests to check for blood count and chemistry
• pregnancy test, which is for pregnant people only, to assess any effect on the developing fetus
• blood tests to check for rhabdomyolysis

They may only order imaging tests, such as CT scans or ultrasound, of the affected body part to assess for internal injury.

When to contact a doctor

Not everyone who experiences an electric shock needs to visit the emergency department. People can follow this advice:

• Call 911 if someone experiences a high voltage shock, which is one of 500 VTrusted Source or more. These voltages can cause deep burns that require immediate attention.
• Go to the emergency department after a low voltage shock that causes a burn. It is important not to try to treat the burn at home.
• If a person experiences a low voltage shock with no burn injury, they should visit a doctor to check there was no damage.

Outlook

Electric shocks can causeTrusted Source injuries that are not always visible. Depending on how high the voltage was, the injury may be fatal.

If someone survives the initial electric injury, they should seek medical attention to evaluate the extent of body involvement.

Anyone who thinks that a person has had a severe electric shock should call 911 right away. Even after a minor shock, a person should see a doctor.

Summary

Electric shocks range from minor to severe, as do the injuries they can cause. Many electric shocks occur in the home, so it is important to check household appliances regularly for signs of damage.

People working in proximity to the installation of electrical systems should take particular care and always follow safety regulations.

If a person has had a severe electric shock, a bystander should call 911 and administer first aid if it is safe to do so.